![]() ![]() The oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE Babylonia. 1600 BCE, showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and an engraved map of the holy Babylonian city of Nippur, from the Kassite period (14th – 12th centuries BCE). Other known maps of the ancient world include the Minoan "House of the Admiral" wall painting from c. Among the prehistoric alpine rock carvings of Mount Bego (France) and Valcamonica (Italy), dated to the 4th millennium BCE, geometric patterns consisting of dotted rectangles and lines are widely interpreted in archaeological literature as depicting cultivated plots. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük (previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term "map" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE See also: Surveying § History, Cadastre § History, and Topographic mapping § History Ancient times Valcamonica rock art (I), Paspardo r. Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc). Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. ![]() This is also the concern of generalization. Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped.Eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the map's purpose.Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media.Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped.The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. Cartography ( / k ɑːr ˈ t ɒ ɡ r ə f i/ from Ancient Greek: χάρτης chartēs, "papyrus, sheet of paper, map" and γράφειν graphein, "write") is the study and practice of making and using maps. ![]()
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